Hygiene and Food Essay Example for Free

Hygiene and viands EssayThe nutrition inaugurate and nutrition bus moldinessiness also conform to certain stripped standards of hygiene or luck prosecution, directable fines and even toss away -The fodder for thought act covers any aspects associate to the manipulation of provender and the maintenance of victuals set forth -The act states the role and responsibilities of the environmental wellness officer -Environment wellness officers ar appoint to impound and remove, or embarrass the barter of, any item if they consider it necessary.They also shake an absolute right to inspect any nourishment expound they view to be have-to doe with with the preparation, retention or discourse of food designated for sales event -If an environmental wellness officer inspects set forth reports that they atomic number 18 non hygienic, they quarter obligate to the department of wellness to disoblige a clean-up nonice, ordering ad hoc repairs or improvements th at must be carried out -If the clean up is not carried out to their gladness of the environmental health office, then passel order to close the premise or prevent the sale of any food from that premises. LegislationPurpose (WHY DOES IT make up? )Key FactsLinks to content (how you could use this in an run answer) HYGIENE AND nourishment galosh victuals Act 2003 (NSW) (as amended).The legislation covers the areas of food for gentlemans gentleman consumption and the general requirements which leave behind ensure food sell to the man will be unafraid and worthy to eat in NSW-It is an offence to plow contaminated food or food that has been falsely set forth -The food premises and food jitney must also conform to certain minimum standards of hygiene or risk prosecution, considerable fines and even jail -The food act covers all aspects colligate to the manipulation of food and the maintenance of food premises -The act states the role and responsibilities of the environm ental health officer.-Environment health officers are authorised to seize and remove, or prevent the sale of, any item if they consider it necessary. They also have an absolute right to inspect any food premises they believe to be involved with the preparation, storage or handling of food designated for sale -If an environmental health officer inspects premises reports that they are not hygienic, they can apply to the department of health to issue a clean-up notice, ordering specific repairs or improvements that must be carried out.-If the clean up is not carried out to their merriment of the environmental health office, then can order to close the premise or prevent the sale of any food from that premisesIn your undertake if you celebrate the profound departments of hospitality you can mention the forage Act 2003 to refer to the feature of the food items, the premises that they are cooked in and consequences of not having a hunky-dory premises to serve the food in which you would have a report from an environmental Health Officer Food Regulation _______ (NSW) (as amended).This regulation, covers in detail, everything related to the handling of food, the food handler, premises, equipment and the transportation of food and food products -construction standards for food premises and food vehicles -Appliances utilize to handle food for sale to be clean and regular and not to be made out of certain materials -Packaging and labelling of food -Protection of food from contamination -Cleanliness and hyginene of persons LegislationPurpose (WHY DOES IT EXIST? )Key FactsLinks to content (how you could use this in an exam answer) HYGIENE AND FOOD SAFETY Food Act 2003 (NSW) (as amended).The legislation covers the areas of food for human consumption and the general requirements which will ensure food sold to the public will be safe and suitable to eat in NSW-It is an offence to sell contaminated food or food that has been falsely described -The food premises and fo od handler must also conform to certain minimum standards of hygiene or risk prosecution, considerable fines and even jail -The food act covers all aspects related to the handling of food and the maintenance of food premises -The act states the role and responsibilities of the environmental health officer.-Environment health officers are authorised to seize and remove, or prevent the sale of, any item if they consider it necessary. They also have an absolute right to inspect any food premises they believe to be involved with the preparation, storage or handling of food designated for sale -If an environmental health officer inspects premises reports that they are not hygienic, they can apply to the department of health to issue a clean-up notice, ordering specific repairs or improvements that must be carried out.-If the clean up is not carried out to their satisfaction of the environmental health office, then can order to close the premise or prevent the sale of any food from that p remisesIn your essay if you mention the make departments of hospitality you can mention the Food Act 2003 to refer to the quality of the food items, the premises that they are cooked in and consequences of not having a satisfactory premises to serve the food in which you would have a report from an Environmental Health Officer Food Regulation _______ (NSW) (as amended).This regulation, covers in detail, everything related to the handling of food, the food handler, premises, equipment and the transportation of food and food products -construction standards for food premises and food vehicles -Appliances used to handle food for sale to be clean and unbroken and not to be made out of certain materials -Packaging and labelling of food -Protection of food from contamination -Cleanliness and hyginene of persons LegislationPurpose (WHY DOES IT EXIST? )Key FactsLinks to content (how you could use this in an exam answer) HYGIENE AND FOOD SAFETY Food Act 2003 (NSW) (as amended).The legislati on covers the areas of food for human consumption and the general requirements which will ensure food sold to the public will be safe and suitable to eat in NSW-It is an offence to sell contaminated food or food that has been falsely described -The food premises and food handler must also conform to certain minimum standards of hygiene or risk prosecution, considerable fines and even jail -The food act covers all aspects related to the handling of food and the maintenance of food premises -The act states the role and responsibilities of the environmental health officer -Environment health officers are authorised to seize and remove, or prevent the sale of, any item if they consider it necessary.They also have an absolute right to inspect any food premises they believe to be involved with the preparation, storage or handling of food designated for sale -If an environmental health officer inspects premises reports that they are not hygienic, they can apply to the department of health to issue a clean-up notice, ordering specific repairs or improvements that must be carried out.-If the clean up is not carried out to their satisfaction of the environmental health office, then can order to close the premise or prevent the sale of any food from that premisesIn your essay if you mention the key departments of hospitality you can mention the Food Act 2003 to refer to the quality of the food items, the premises that they are cooked in and consequences of not having a satisfactory premises to serve the food in which you would have a report from an Environmental Health Officer Food Regulation _______ (NSW) (as amended).This regulation, covers in detail, everything related to the handling of food, the food handler, premises, equipment and the transportation of food and food products -construction standards for food premises and food vehicles -Appliances used to handle food for sale to be clean and unbroken and not to be made out of certain materials -Packaging and labelli ng of food -Protection of food from contamination -Cleanliness and hyginene of persons LegislationPurpose (WHY DOES IT EXIST? )Key FactsLinks to content (how you could use this in an exam answer) HYGIENE AND FOOD SAFETY Food Act 2003 (NSW) (as amended).The legislation covers the areas of food for human consumption and the general requirements which will ensure food sold to the public will be safe and suitable to eat in NSW-It is an offence to sell contaminated food or food that has been falsely described -The food premises and food handler must also conform to certain minimum standards of hygiene or risk prosecution, considerable fines and even jail -The food act covers all aspects related to the handling of food and the maintenance of food premises -The act states the role and responsibilities of the environmental health officer -Environment health officers are authorised to seize and remove, or prevent the sale of, any item if they consider it necessary.They also have an absolute right to inspect any food premises they believe to be involved with the preparation, storage or handling of food designated for sale -If an environmental health officer inspects premises reports that they are not hygienic, they can apply to the department of health to issue a clean-up notice, ordering specific repairs or improvements that must be carried out.-If the clean up is not carried out to their satisfaction of the environmental health office, then can order to close the premise or prevent the sale of any food from that premisesIn your essay if you mention the key departments of hospitality you can mention the Food Act 2003 to refer to the quality of the food items, the premises that they are cooked in and consequences of not having a satisfactory premises to serve the food in which you would have a report from an Environmental Health Officer Food Regulation _______ (NSW) (as amended).This regulation, covers in detail, everything related to the handling of food, the food hand ler, premises, equipment and the transportation of food and food products -construction standards for food premises and food vehicles -Appliances used to handle food for sale to be clean and unbroken and not to be made out of certain materials -Packaging and labelling of food -Protection of food from contamination -Cleanliness and hyginene of persons LegislationPurpose (WHY DOES IT EXIST? )Key FactsLinks to content (how you could use this in an exam answer) HYGIENE AND FOOD SAFETY Food Act 2003 (NSW) (as amended)The legislation covers the areas of food for human consumption and the general requirements which will ensure food sold to the public will be safe and suitable to eat in NSW-It is an offence to sell contaminated food or food that has been falsely described -The food premises and food handler must also conform to certain minimum standards of hygiene or risk prosecution, considerable fines and even jail -The food act covers all aspects related to the handling of food and the m aintenance of food premises -The act states the role and responsibilities of the environmental health officer -Environment health officers are authorised to seize and remove, or prevent the sale of, any item if they consider it necessary.They also have an absolute right to inspect any food premises they believe to be involved with the preparation, storage or handling of food designated for sale -If an environmental health officer inspects premises reports that they are not hygienic, they can apply to the department of health to issue a clean-up notice, ordering specific repairs or improvements that must be carried out.-If the clean up is not carried out to their satisfaction of the environmental health office, then can order to close the premise or prevent the sale of any food from that premisesIn your essay if you mention the key departments of hospitality you can mention the Food Act 2003 to refer to the quality of the food items, the premises that they are cooked in and consequen ces of not having a satisfactory premises to serve the food in which you would have a report from an Environmental Health Officer Food Regulation _______.(NSW) (as amended). This regulation, covers in detail, everything related to the handling of food, the food handler, premises, equipment and the transportation of food and food products -construction standards for food premises and food vehicles -Appliances used to handle food for sale to be clean and unbroken and not to be made out of certain materials -Packaging and labelling of food -Protection of food from contamination -Cleanliness and hyginene of persons LegislationPurpose (WHY DOES IT EXIST? )Key FactsLinks to content (how you could use this in an exam answer) HYGIENE AND FOOD SAFETY Food Act 2003 (NSW) (as amended).The legislation covers the areas of food for human consumption and the general requirements which will ensure food sold to the public will be safe and suitable to eat in NSW-It is an offence to sell contaminated food or food that has been falsely described -The food premises and food handler must also conform to certain minimum standards of hygiene or risk prosecution, considerable fines and even jail -The food act covers all aspects related to the handling of food and the maintenance of food premises -The act states the role and responsibilities of the environmental health officer -Environment health officers are authorised to seize and remove, or prevent the sale of, any item if they consider it necessary.They also have an absolute right to inspect any food premises they believe to be involved with the preparation, storage or handling of food designated for sale -If an environmental health officer inspects premises reports that they are not hygienic, they can apply to the department of health to issue a clean-up notice, ordering specific repairs or improvements that must be carried out -If the clean up is not carried out to their satisfaction of the environmental health office, then can o rder to close the premise or prevent the sale of any food from that premises.In your essay if you mention the key departments of hospitality you can mention the Food Act 2003 to refer to the quality of the food items, the premises that they are cooked in and consequences of not having a satisfactory premises to serve the food in which you would have a report from an Environmental Health Officer Food Regulation _______ (NSW) (as amended).This regulation, covers in detail, everything related to the handling of food, the food handler, premises, equipment and the transportation of food and food products -construction standards for food premises and food vehicles -Appliances used to handle food for sale to be clean and unbroken and not to be made out of certain materials -Packaging and labelling of food -Protection of food from contamination -Cleanliness and hyginene of persons LegislationPurpose (WHY DOES IT EXIST? )Key FactsLinks to content (how you could use this in an exam answer) HY GIENE AND FOOD SAFETY Food Act 2003 (NSW) (as amended).The legislation covers the areas of food for human consumption and the general requirements which will ensure food sold to the public will be safe and suitable to eat in NSW-It is an offence to sell contaminated food or food that has been falsely described -The food premises and food handler must also conform to certain minimum standards of hygiene or risk prosecution, considerable fines and even jail -The food act covers all aspects related to the handling of food and the maintenance of food premises -The act states the role and responsibilities of the environmental health officer -Environment health officers are authorised to seize and remove, or prevent the sale of, any item if they consider it necessary.They also have an absolute right to inspect any food premises they believe to be involved with the preparation, storage or handling of food designated for sale -If an environmental health officer inspects premises reports tha t they are not hygienic, they can apply to the department of health to issue a clean-up notice, ordering specific repairs or improvements that must be carried out -If the clean up is not carried out to their satisfaction of the environmental health office, then can order to close the premise or prevent the sale of any food from that premises.In your essay if you mention the key departments of hospitality you can mention the Food Act 2003 to refer to the quality of the food items, the premises that they are cooked in and consequences of not having a satisfactory premises to serve the food in which you would have a report from an Environmental Health Offis which will ensure food sold to the public will be safe and suitable to eat in NSW-It is an offence to sell contaminated food or food that has been falsely described.-The food premises and food handler must also conform to certain minimum standards of hygiene or risk prosecution, considerable fines and even jail -The food act covers all aspects related to the handling of food and the maintenance of food premises -The act states the role and responsibilities of the environmental health officer -Environment health officers are authorised to seize and remove, or prevent the sale of, any item if they consider it necessary.

Global warming exists Essay Example for Free

Global warming exists EssayThe debate over whether international warming is a reality has received contradictory arguments from the various fronts on the global community. Opponents of the phenomenon assert that climate changes from time to time be natural events. On the other side, proponents claim that the world has been experiencing slide of increment in temperatures of the earths full come out atmosphere since early twentieth century. This has particularly been attributed with the onset and increasing industrialization in the global community.Such have the implication that activities by humans are to be blamed for the issue of climate change in the world. Given the available evidence that the world is experiencing aleatory climate and weather patterns, global warming is no doubt a reality in the modern society. Causes of global warming According to scientific research findings, global warming is delimit as the gradual increase in the temperatures of the earths atmo sphere near the surface (Johansen, 2002).This has been closely associated with increased emission and accumulation of greenhouse gases such(prenominal) as degree centigrade dioxide in the atmosphere (Revkin, 2008). These gases are responsible for trapping heat emitted from the earths surface and thus increasing the atmospheric temperatures. It is value noting that greenhouse gases are commonly a byproduct of the production process by industries. As an example to emphasis this claims, mankind activities are estimated to be producing carbon dioxide (which is the major greenhouse gas) at a rate of over 25 billion metric tons annually (Revkin, 2008).In addition, deforestation, which entails cutting down of trees by man has contributed to the increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Therefore, although some natural processes such as fossil decay and volcanic eruptions can lead to greenhouse gas emission, mankind kind activities remain the main cause of global warmi ng given the huge amounts of greenhouse gases produced by industries across the globe (Kluger, 2006). proof supporting the cosmea of global warming There are numerous evidences indicating the existence of global warming in the globe.First, the world is evidently witnessing a origin in its mountain ice and glaciers reserves (Kluger, 2006). According to available research findings, the rate Arctic shrinkage is higher than any other time in the history of mankind. Still, the world is experiencing a gradual but real rise in sea levels, a factor which is threatening the submergence of some gloomy laying islands (Johansen, 2002). Such increases are evidently blamed for the increase in the rate of melting of mountain ice and glaciers.Global warming has been blamed for the occurrence of extreme weather conditions. Such include floods, droughts as well as heat waves, which are evident in the world today (Revkin, 2008). It is also claimed that payable to global warming, expansion and eva poration of sea waters are high. Just to be appreciated is the fact that such high rates of evaporation of water into the atmosphere leads to increased rate of rain formation along the coastal regions. Such are indeed, the reason behind the frequent flooding witnessed in our coastal regions (Kluger, 2006).Therefore, since no one can refute the evidence of global warming on sea water expansion and increased flooding in the coastal regions, then global warming is a real threat to the sustainable social and economic development of the global community. The world is marked with the problem of capricious climate changes. As by the available statistics, the globe is witnessing a changing trend in its entwine patterns (Johansen, 2002). It is worth noting that the process of wind formation is underage on earth surface temperatures which lead to expansion of air.In addition, wind is a crucial factor in influencing the rain patterns across the globe. This is because it acts to carry wate r vapor from its source to other regions. Based on this reasoning, since wind and rain storms are no doubt a direct result of earth surface temperatures, then global warming must be a real phenomenon. Just to be emphasized here is the fact that such unpredictable wind patterns are responsible for the eminent failure by weather forecasting scientists in giving reliable region specific weather predictions.Therefore, the global temperature swings are responsible for the increasing formation of unpredictable weather patterns across the globe. Another proof in support that global warming is a real phenomenon is the trend of increased incidences of disease outbreaks across the globe (Johansen, 2002). True to the letter, traditionally, diseases were categorized by regions. How ever so, due to climate changes, it is not uncommon it experience traditionally tropical diseases in other regions of the world (Johansen, 2002). According to available evidence, the human community is witnessing an increase in the number of skin cancer diseases.Such have been closely attributed to an increase in the amount of ultraviolet rays reaching the earth surface. It is worth noting here that such increases are a direct result of the evident shrinking of the ozone layer, a phenomenon that is termed as global warming. Conclusion It is clearly established that the world is increasingly witnessing an ever changing trend on its climate. Such are evident from the ever increasing mountain ice and glaciers reserves which lead to expansion of sea waters. This threatens the livelihood of those settled in the low coastal regions.The phenomenon is also blamed for unpredictable wind and rain patterns as well as increased spreading of diseases across the global. Therefore, global warming is a real phenomenon threatening the sustainable existence of the human community. References Johansen, B. (2002). The Global Warming Desk Reference. New York Greenwood Press. Kluger, J. (2006). Global Warming Heats Up. Retrieved May 17, 2010, from http//www. time. com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1176980,00. html Revkin, A. (2008). A Shift in the arguing over Global Warming. Retrieved May 17, 2010, from http//www. nytimes. com/2008/04/06/weekinreview/06revkin. html

The Documentary The Times Of Harvey Milk Film Studies Essay

The Documentary The generation Of Harvey Milk Film Studies EssayThe documentary The Times of Harvey Milk and Michelle Teas memoir Valencia offer insight into the experiences and attitudes of San Franciscos risible and lesbian communities at two opposite moments in the urban centers history. Consider Harvey milks and Michelle Teas telescopes, the issues they faced, their feelings to the highest degree the possibility of depart, and the spirit or mood of the times in which they lived. How do you think they severally felt about San Francisco, and how does that affect your sense of the city.Answering the questions by Comparing and contrasting backgrounds of Harvey and Michelle, and discussing the different issues or obstacles they faced of the c arer decisions they make and personal issue which led them to ultimately different paths. Also answering by considering the twos feelings about the possibility of change in the future and the changes that they proceed to make and lastly d iscuss the mood of the times in which they lived and the era issues which they faced. All will offer insight into the experiences and attitudes of San Franciscos human and lesbian communities at its separate moments in history.Michelle teas back ground is somewhat similar to that of Harvey milks background from how they both migrated to San Francisco and both came from a normal nucleus families, merely are different from the lifestyles they choose. Michelle tea is originally from Chelsea, Massachusetts or Boston which she prolongationd in Valencia, she was born in the 70s and had both her parent when she was growing up, lived in a predominantly hetero come aliveual society, and choose to sum to San Francisco to discover her sexuality. Career wise she didnt have the drive often growing tired of her jobs which led to her getting fired or quitting. In her own word she states, I was irresponsible, had no work ethic, was raised by parents who called in sick regular as weekends, (Tea cc43). Michelles misfortunes in the work force led her to make out a sex worker. Her personality background information is she is an intense, passionate loving person who can be loyal and dedicated said in a nonher quote. I had ceased to care. My love for her was religious, it was patriotic akin god or country it was something I pledged myself to in service of something huge and perfect that I was honored to have anything to do with. (Tea 200045) To classify what kind of lesbian Michelle tea is I would put her in the kinsfolk of being Lip-gloss Lesbian similar to a femme lesbian, further a little less feminine. She may still do manly things like watch sports and in the case of Michelle chug 40oz beers while still displaying feminine qualities. A lip-gloss lesbian is barely as similar to the girl-next-door that everybody loves who wont be viewed as hot, but crafty still being able to attract men and women. She has her own sense of style i.e. looking at the outfits described in the story (Tea 2000). The lip-gloss lesbian are mostly attracted to feminine lesbians, and sometimes butch lesbians like Michelle being attracted to Wilma and Iris with her motorcycle. Harvey milks early background begins being born and raised in Woodmere, New York came from a great family and lived in a society that condoned homosexuality so he kept up a facade his whole life to avoid persecution(Epstein 1984). like to Michelle Tea because he to left his home to come out of the closet in the safe environment of San Francisco brisk community but during the beginning of the migrations and of the sunny communitys (Epstein 1984). Different from Michelles background was his apparent success he maintains during his employment career he had a lot of jobs being a high school teacher, nosedive officer, working at an insurance firm, a Wall Street firm and finally becoming a business owner of a camera store(Epstein 1984). The background of Harvey personality was stated in thedocumentary that he was a friendly and outgoing person whod go out of his way for people he didnt tied(p) know(Epstein 1984). Even with the good aspects of his personality he had bad aspects was stated that sometimes Harvey was known to throw childish temper tantrums when he didnt get his way (Epstein 1984). Im not sure how to categories his sexual background in terms of homosexuality probably in the middle of a dominant (butch) and submissive (femme) homosexual.The Issues Harvey and Michelle faced where sever but of different types. Harvey issues were discrimination based on sexual orientation (Briggs initiative) and Government interference in private sexual matters mainly Police persecution of jolly establishments like bars, bathhouse and some others in San Francisco (Miller 671994). Apparently Oral sex was consider a felony, and during the 1970, almost 90people in San Francisco were arrested for the act, such persecution was so trying that homosexuals Faced eviction if they were caught having homosexual sex in a rented apartment (Miller 671994). Homosexual men were embarrassed and unwilling to face arrest in gay bars and other establishments, so they turned to having sex in public parks at night (Miller751994). Author Neil Miller of the history of gay and lesbian states that, In 1971, over 2,800gay men were caught and arrested for having public sex in San Francisco parks. Compared with New York City who recorded only 63 arrests for the same horror that year and was at the time the current record holder and had the largest population therefore Any arrest for such a lewd public beef required immediate registration as a sex offender(miller 771994). Issues that Michelle Tea faced was more personal and some of the issues involved where a major(ip) problem during her time period. The personal issue was her employment issue of holding down jobs and figuring what she cute to do or more like she wanted to work less and make a quick buck. She chooses to take an easy rout e of selling her body for money as most women did. She personally struggled to come to terms of being a prostitute, I could whore. I had done it, vowed I would never do it again because it was so gross and weird. (Tea 200046) The community issues of her time were the problems of drugs and sex causing people to contract STDs, overdosing off of drugs and depression people suffer from resulting in them committing suicide.Considering Michelle Tea and mainly Harvey Milks feelings about the possibility of change for the future is that Michelle made no reference to change that had no desire at the moment and Harvey Milk who had a grand vision for ideas to change the future (Epstein 1984). Only reference of change that took shopping center in Michelle teas life was who she virtually slept with. Harvey Milk change ultimately came when he took up in the involvement in political and polite matters. When Harvey came up against civic problems and policies he disliked he felt it was his duty to change the problems for the betterment of the people (Epstein 1984). One incident infuriated him about governing when a teacher came into his camera store and asked if a projector could be loaned to him/her because the equipment in the schools were malfunctioning (Shilts 881982). Harvey believing it should be city assemblys main priority preferably than anything else. Milk decided that the time had come to run for city supervisor He said later, I finally reached the point where I k pertly I had to become involved or shut up (Shilts 671982). One the first change Harvey felt need to be put into effect was he and other gay business owners needed better representation , as a result founded the Castro Village Association, as milk as the president using the doctrine that gays should buy from gay businesses(Epstein 1984). This was the result of when two gay men tried to open a business and the Eureka Valley Merchants Association (EVMA) attempted to engine block them from receiving thei r business license and also discriminating towards selling to gays (Epstein 1984). The community changes that Harvey initiated ca employ non gay citizens and the non gays business owners to stop discriminating against gays or to move out, creating what is known as the predominately gay community of the Castro today(Epstein 1984). Milk had failed many times in his election for a bid in san Francisco politics he had shown great leadership in the teentsy community of Castro District (Epstein 1984). Harvey felt he was starting to be taken seriously as a candidate but not serious profuse and decided to run again for supervisor with a different approach (Epstein 1984). He reconsidered the approach of looking more professional as he used to look back as his day as a stock broker and cut his long hair, stop smoking marijuana, and started to wear business suits again. Harvey Milks new approach earned him the support of the teamsters, firefighters, and construction unions (Epstein 1984). Ha rvey changed his Castro Camera from a small rinky dink shop to become the center of activity in the neighborhood (Epstein 1984). Milks fiery, rubicund speeches and savvy media skills earned him a significant amount of press during the 1973 election. He earned 16,900votes-sweeping the Castro District and other escaped neighborhoods and coming in 10th place out of 32candidates (Shilts 671982). One of Harveys last changes was the possible manipulation of reorganizing to allow districts to elect their own supervisors which allow him to win a seat on City assembly (Epstein 1984).The spirit of the mood of the city during the times of Harvey milk and Michelle Tea were different because they were set in different time periods. The mood of the city was more radical for both of them because of the 60s radical change or revolution. During Harveys time 10 years after the 60s, the mood of the city was just starting to run away it was the 70s and San Francisco was becoming the hotspot for or d estination for homosexuality. Thousands upon millions of gay men and women were migrating to San Francisco to openly express their sexuality (Epstein 1984). Also during the time of Harvey the spirit or the mood of San Francisco was probably a lot raunchier and sexually open because they did not quite know about AIDS and the repercussion of unsafe sex. The Castro the main gay community was just starting to get its beginnings and was being fought for. Michelle Teas era of San Francisco was probably based in the late 90s as of the reference she made of crack cocaine, Where is Waldo, and finally the reference about O.J Simpson that was a clear giveaway. The mood of San Francisco was that of awareness because of the AIDS and other STD epidemics going around people werent as raunchy or having polygamous sexual relationships. The gay community also had its issues with drugs suffering already from heroin which was already around since the 70s in the Castro but with the invention of crack co caine, Methamphetamine and the rise in popularity of powderise cocaine effectively altered the mood of San Francisco gay environment. The Castro during the 90s was by Michelles time a predominately gay community with its own businesses and residents.I believed that Michelle Tea and Harvey Milk each felt or thought about San Francisco as a safe haven for their sexuality were they could openly express their homosexuality and not be persecuted Because in the environment they were in everyone was gay if not people learned to accept their homosexuality for what it was. This reinforces my view of the city as being open minded and liberal giving me a sense of pride of being a native in such an almost free place.

Essay On Critical Incident Analysis During Placement Nursing Essay

Essay On Critical Incident Analysis During Placement Nursing EssayThis essay will reflect on critical chance which took place at my placement. It will outline how critical ensuant analysis is incorporated in the c ar provision of sight with mental health problems peculiarly from a nursing perspective. I will as well as attempt to pass out the weakness and the set of reflection and analyse c are provision in a much structured remediation approach. Bandman and Bandman, (2002) clapperclaw forth that in assign to analyse an incident we need to think critically, reflecting on our beliefs, ideas, incurings and engross of language. Gamble and Brennan, (2000) suggest that relationship between reflection and critical thinking emphasises the need for critical thinking to be based on reflective thinking. In this essay I shall in any case draw on Johns Reflective Cycle (Pearson et al 1996) to stimulate the reader a clear understanding and analysis of the incident, highlighting find of exposure attention as a major issue of concern. I will likewise highlight the daily pretends, which Mental Health Nurses face in relation to the ethics, policies and procedures that level them. All names have been changed for reasons of confidentiality Nursing and Midwifery Council, (2008).Drawing upon an incident within my most recent placement, the discussion will reflect on the cure intervention of family therapy as long-term psychotherapeutic intervention to treat an identified patient diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenic psychosis. It will also critically analyse the benefits and shortfalls of this intervention.DescriptionReflecting on the incident described later in this essay, I open up it more appropriate to use Johns Reflective Cycle, (Pearson et al 1996) because it focuses on both the patient and the sustain unlike other models that lack a user focus reflection mainly on the nurses feelings, ideas, beliefs and judgements. Johns Reflective Cycle (Pearson et al 1996) places great emphasis on the feelings, emotions and insight of the client as well as the practitioner, which I feel is of greater signifi dismissce as it offers a more objective perspective. The reflective hertz is also truly clear, easy to follow, easy to understand and gives the reader a clear analysis of the incident which is very authorized in making brain of the whole reflective process. Johns reflective cycle illustrates the following framework first stage- phenomenon, second stage-rationale, third sage-causal essential factors, fourth stage-reflection, fifth stage-alternative actions, sixth stage-conclusion. Following this signpost it is that one can structure their reflection and take on out sense to the whole reflective process.I chose to write close to this incident because I feel it emphasizes the risks mental health nurses face when working(a) with mentally disturbed people. It shows how policies and procedures can disempower professionals, placing them at increased risk of aggressive or disruptive behaviour. I also make up it easy to use the critical incident analysis technique to evaluate possible therapeutic intervention in patient care.The risk reconstruct up by the patient in this scenario could have been take downd if the nurses involved in the patient care used psychosocial interventions. The incident described in this essay call into question the policies and procedures used in Community Mental Health Services on dealing with crisis or emergency daub and the job of care as a role the nurse. Legally and ethically nurses are not allowed to search patients in the community, (Thomas et al 1997) which places faculty in a very vulnerable stake which is very evident after reading and reflecting on the scenario.Zack suffers from Paranoid Schizophrenia. Following is a brief summary on Schizophrenia in order to give the reader a picture of the patients condition. Schizophrenia is a broad term given to group of mental illness which are traditionally characterised by design disorder, auditory and visual hallucinations, delusional beliefs along with emotional and behavioural disorder breaking winding to progressive deterioration and social withdrawal Ironbar and Hopper, (1989). This patient in-particular suffers from Paranoid Schizophrenia, bossy by intense thought disorder, delusions and hallucinations, the sufferer having perceptions, beliefs and ideas of reference that things are being said about them and things being done to them which they believe may cause them revile Thomas et al (1997). Medical intercession involves long-term use of psychotropic medications much(prenominal)(prenominal) as anti-psychotic medicines and mood stabilisers. From a social model approach enquiry has shown that long-term psychotherapy programmes such as family therapy have proven effective Thomas et al (1997).Patient Profile and ContextZack is 28 year hoary male outpatient known to the Mental Health Services since 2001 with a diagnosis of Paranoid Schizophrenia. Zack is an asylum seeker from Algeria and of Muslim origin, though he is not very strict with the religion. He visits the clinic every fortnight for his depot (Depixol) injection. When is unwell, he develops ideas that Jews and homosexuals are conspiring against him and believes he has special powers. Both his parents are alive they believe he brings violate to the family due to his mental illness. in that respect has been growing concerns about Zacks family not doing enough to help him through his illness and neglecting his needs. Staff has raised the need to engage the family in family therapy as a way of component part Zack and family fill out with his illness but as yet no family members has agreed to this type of intervention.Scenario/Phenomenon-ReflectionThe Depot clinic normally opens at eleven oclock following the weekly Community Mental Health Team meeting. Zack was due for his depot injection that sidereal day but he ar rived two hours early on looking unkempt. The Community Psychiatry Nurse (CPN) and I went to talk to Zack and told him that we were having a meeting in that locationfore he had to come back when the clinic opens. Zack said he cherished to have his injection early because he wished attend the Muslim celebrations taking place locally that day. He displayed signs of being mentally disturbed, talking and muttering to himself about apparently meaningless and strange things.Zack appeared to be very hostile and provocative with fluctuating thoughts. The CPN insisted Zack had to wait but he was adamant on receiving the depot immediately. Zack became increasingly agitated, pacing up and down, raising his voice shouting abusive words to us. Zack began to make treats of arson, claiming he had a knife. He suggested he would stab one of us if we did not adhere to his demands. As soon as he said that and having observed his behaviour, I was perplexed on the one hand the need to do something ab out this patient who was clearly unwell and in need of support and treatment, while also being mindful of the risk to both the CPN and myself.The CPN decided to downplay the risk by agreeing to give Zack his injection and getting him out of the building as quickly as possible. I felt this was a risky finality because if Zack did have a knife we were potentially placing ourselves in greater danger by engaging with him further. I pulled the CPN to the side I let my feelings known. The CPN responded by informing me that Zack did not have a history of barbarian or aggressive behaviour nor was he known to carry knives. I felt we needed to make sure Zack was not carrying any knives or sharps before we went into the clinical room to give him his injection.The CPN then asked Zack calmly and politely if he was carrying the knife at this point Zack produced a knife from inside his jacket. We followed the Trust policy for dealing with armed and dangerous patients that you must call for bac k-up we pressed the alarm alerting other staff for assistance. The police were called and arrived very quickly they seized the knife Zack was also found to be carrying a screwdriver. He was taken to an acute admissions ward of a nearby infirmary under Section 2 of the Mental Health Act (1983) for further judging of his mental state. His family were informed but they seemed not to be touch.Influencing FactorsFamily therapy involves the whole family in the treatment process based on the understanding that a particular symptom or group of symptoms, exhibited by a family member. Reflecting on Zacks relationship with his family it is master(prenominal) to note that due to their culture the family had negative attitude towards the illness and they felt it brought shame to the family. By educating the family, which is a major component of family therapy, it helps gain understanding into the illness, how they can monitor, support and supervise the patient which contributes to the develop ment of insight and helps reduce risk of relapse and hospital admission. Fadden, (1999) cited by (Gillam 2002, p106) defines psycho educational interventions as those interventions where the patient and family members are seen together, where is acquisition component in addition to a didactic element where the primary aim is reduction of relapse in the patient It has been shown that those patients who have family who are willing to engage in the patients care in a supportive manner have an enhanced probability of maintaining stability in their mental state.Therefore, use of family therapy as a long-term psychosocial intervention reduces the risk of relapse, which is what happened in this scenario with Zack. Engaging with the patient is very important in providing care and monitoring people with schizophrenia and it would be very important for the patient and his family. The family also feel supported by the therapist who works with them to help develop an understanding of the illne ss and reduce their fear and mis plyd prejudices.As a nurse/therapist it would be important to understand effects of culture in this situation and try to bring awareness to the family that mental illness is very common and maybe show the family statistics on how many people live with mental illness. It would also be important to educate the family on understanding the remedyment rate for people who engage into family therapy and benefits. Evidence based use would be very important when working with this family as it shows proof that treatment can actually work and has been proven to do so in many cases. Family therapy has been found to be effective, as an adjunct to drug therapy in the centering of schizophrenia Birchwood, (1994), therefore the family should monitor that patient is taking medication as required. By encompassing family therapy, psycho education it encompass the participation and support of family members in the care of an individual Gillam, (2002) which is very i mportant in this scenario. This helps the family gain understanding into the illness and accepts it even though this might be serious due their cultural beliefs.Staffs are always at risk of aggressive patients and therefore there is great need for risk assessment. Clinical risk is concerned with the danger in which an individual might pose to themselves or others Gamble and Brennan, (2000). Research has identified that the occurrence of violence, arson and homicide depends on additional situational factors and their accumulation lead to increased risk. In this situation having observed the incident from the beginning, I observed Zacks escalating behaviour, presentation such as speech, voice tone, gestures and they determine a lot in ones mental state Gamble and Brennan, (2000).There are other precipitating factors leading to this incident such as the psychosocial environment and stimuli in this case the day of the depot coinciding with the celebrations. If it was a different day, m aybe Zack would not been very paranoid and carrying a knife. Also the fact that staff could not meet his needs, it make him more aggressive and in a way no one would have known he was carrying a knife. Psychiatry nurses face vastness of risk assessment due to the restrictions they have in searching people who they suspect to be dangerous. The fact that Mental Health Clinics have no enough tribute measures to detect people who bring in weapons, it increases the risk. Staffs are limited in the procedures of working with patients and it is illegal and unethical to go through patients things or searching them without their accept Thomas et al, (1997).Mental illnesses can manifest in a way that can cause distress to both the patient family and carers but with the help of such therapies as family therapy I recommend it.I believe that Zack could benefit more from it. This intervention has been proven useful by research in the management of schizophrenia Gamble and Brennan, (2000), there fore it is useful to use such therapies inform our care as part of evidence based practice. Rowland and Goss, (2000), writes about evidence based practice as the aspirations nurses should deliver care and therapy based on procedures that are known through research to be effective. Family therapy help the patient cope with their condition and improve their quality of life. Relatives and carers also benefit and by empowering the patient, the family members help the patient change their behaviour Slade and Haddock, (1996) cited by Gamble and Brennan (2000). Research carried out in the last cardinal years on high Expressed Emotion (EE) by the Social Psychiatry Unit at the Institute of Psychiatry provided evidence of negative tint of high (EE) on the course of the family of a schizophrenic patient Gamble and Brennan, (2000). Families find distress in copying with the condition but they are also showed hostile behaviour by the sufferer and eventually become emotionally oer involved. The se developments led to the development of family therapy intervention.Family therapy reduces the effect of schizophrenia such as hospitalisation and relapse Ironbar and Hooper, (1989). If Zacks family was involved in care, this incident might not have happened. Family therapy also improves patients functioning and lowers the burden on the family. If one receives support from family, he is more likely to improve adherence to medication, less violent and lower negative family effect. A component of family therapy includes engagement of families and patients, behaviour, self-management, maintenance of skills, dealing with violence, risk management, assessment, cultural issues, over involvement and interpersonal boundaries, Gamble and Brennan, (2000). In Zacks situation all the above on family therapy would be helpful and it involves issue on culture hence Zacks family feels he is a disgrace to the family, which is part of their cultural beliefs. Making them understand the illness woul d be more helpful in coping with Zacks illness. Research has also found out that these psychosocial interventions are more useful than taking routine medication treatment and not nevertheless benefit patient, but also family carers and relatives Ironbar and Hooper, (1989). In helping this patient, this type of intervention should help him gain insight and doing individualised care with the nurse in the therapy it can be achieved. Gillam, (2002) suggests the richness of using drug treatment therapy in conjunction with family therapy for maximum benefit to the patient, family and carers.Reflecting more on this scenario, it brings out issues of concern and critical incident analysis would be very important to guide the whole reflecting process. Developing skills on reflecting enables one to learn more effectively from practice situation and identify what you have learned in practice John, (2000). There is also emphasis that reflection is related to a complex and deliberate process of conscious thinking about interpreting experience in order to learn from it.In this incident I used my knowledge on risk management to lower the risks Mental Health Nurses face in working with mentally ill patients. I was trying to minimise the occurrence of an event that would be dangerous. Considering the importance of critical incident analysis to analyse this scenario was because it gives me an understanding and insight of the whole Clinical Incident Analysis (CIT) process. I also chose family therapy because as noted before the family could offer a lot of help to the patient, but only if they can engage with the patient and understand the mental illness and how they can lower the fear and prejudices of living with somebody with a mental illness.Before this incident happened, I felt very nervous that being a student nurse involved in such a difficult situation. However, my feelings changed later when Zack was found to be carrying a knife. Having not emphasised on the nurse to c heck if the patient actually had the knife, this could have lead into someone getting hurt or even killed by the patient. This was also a learning process for me I learnt that besides taking medication like in this situation, the patient was on medication, there are other therapeutic interventions which can be used to lower the stresses in the family of a schizophrenic patient and help the patient manage and cope with his own illness.Critical incident analysis was very important in giving structure to the whole reflection process and gain appreciation to therapeutic interventions that nurses can use in managing schizophrenia. On the other hand I knew it was unethical and illegal to search this patient, but I felt in such incident, nurses should have the power to search thought to be dangerous or threatening to staff. Evidently, according to reports from Department of Health (DH) (2008), there has been an increase in the violent incidents involving staff working with patients with me ntal health problems.The issue of risk management, risk assessment is something not to ignore in Mental Health Nursing. Risk management is intended purpose of assessment process, reducing severity of identified risks though they vary over time and circumstances Gamble and Brennan, (2000). Gates et al (2000) identifies clinical risk assessment as an established tenet of Psychiatry Nursing treatment. The establishments of National Service Framework and Guidelines (DOH, 2008) have emphasised on practitioners on the importance of risk assessment. There have been a large number of tragedies and homicidal incidents involving psychiatry patients therefore there have been high expectations in considering risk assessment as a major tool in mental health nursing.Alternative StrategiesIn this incident I felt I had to remind the CPN on the danger Zack was posing to us, reflecting on practice Thomas et al (1997). This is achieved by assessing situations and judge how dangerous they could be or h ow best you can deal with them in a professional and ethical way. NMC, (2008) states that professionalism and accountability in all our practices and by being accountable, you have a good cause to justify your actions in this situation safety was a priority.In future if I face the same situation, I would act quicker and take precautions to safety in time. I would also use good interpersonal skills to try and talk to the patient. I would also use my knowledge of risk management and safety precautions since nurses have a duty to look after themselves as well as public, than just looking after the patient Stern and Drummond, (1995). I would also consider that when working with people with schizophrenia there is great need to engage into psychotherapy interventions, family therapy a priority adjunct to drug therapy.Conclusion- LearningIn conclusion, the essay clearly considers the values of family therapy as a possible psychotherapeutic intervention to be used in the management of schiz ophrenia. It also gives appreciation of the whole process. The essay also demonstrates the importance of ongoing clinical supervision and the role of a Psychiatry Nurse. Evidently throughout the essay, it is clear that mental health nurses face a great risk in their day to day practices in working with mentally ill patients. Highlighted is the importance of reflecting and using Clinical Incident Analysis (CIT) process as a major tool to help the whole reflective process. The stages of Johns reflective cycle were used in the essay as it enabled the writer to identify the phenomenon. The need for risk assessment and critical thinking you are able to analyse and reflect on an incident and bring more sense to the reader.Word Count 3294

Principal Component Analysis for Numerals

pass Component Analysis for Numerals scholarship of Off-Line Handwritten Telugu Numerals Based On Principal Component AnalysisManubolu Sreenivasulu, Prasenjit Kumar DasAbstractIndia is a multi-lingual multi-language country but there is not much work towards off-line handwritten fibre information of Indian languages 1. In this melodic theme we maintain proposed principal component analysis (PCA) for sport blood and use Probabilistic neuronic cyberspace (PNN) based stupefy for potpourri and knowledge of off-line handwritten numerals of telugu script. Principal component analysis is one of the important rule for identifying figs in entropy and expressing the data to highlight their similarities and differences. In high dimensional data it is difficult to identify patterns, where the luxury of vivid representation is not available, principal component analysis is a good method for analysing data. The performance of the Probabilistic Neural entanglement classifier was com puted in terms of training performance and categorization accuracies. Probabilistic Neural Network gives fast and accurate classification and is a promising model for classification of the characters 9.Keywords PCA, PNN, Classification and Recognition, Handwritten CharactersI. INTRODUCTIONCharacter credit entry (CR) is the important area in image processing and pattern recognition fields. The various applications of character recognition are includes library automation, banks, defense organizations, reading aid for the blind, post offices, language processing and multi-media design. Hence the research in character recognition is rattling popular. To recognize Hand-Written Characters (HWC) is an easy task for humans, but for a computer it is an extremely difficult job. This is mainly due to the vast differences or the impreciseness associated with handwritten patterns written by different individuals. Machine recognition involves the ability of a computer to receive input from sou rces such as paper and other documents, photographs, touch screens and other devices, which is an ongoing research area. Handwritten character recognition (HWCR) nookie be divided into two categories, namely, Offline Handwritten Character recognition where the image is sensed off-line from a part of a document and Online Handwritten Character recognition where the movements of the pen/tip can be record on-line as utilize in the pen based computer screen systems. Off-line recognition usually requires imperfect pre-processing techniques prior to feature extraction and recognition stages 3.Telugu is the most popular script in India. It is the official language of the southern Indian state, Andhra Pradesh. The Telugu script is compressedly related to the Kannada script. Telugu is a syllabic language. correspondent to most languages of India, each symbol in Telugu script represents a complete syllable. Officially, there are 10 numerals, 18 vowels, 36 consonants, and three dual symbol s 1. in that respect are five major stages in the HCR problem Image pre-processing, segmentation, feature extraction, training and recognition and post processing. Several works had been done on feature extraction for character recognition. The feature extraction method includes Template matching, Identification of similarities and differences, Histograms, Zoning, Graph description etc.II. DATA COLLECTION AND PREPROCESSINGData collection for the essay has been done from different individuals. Currently we are developing data set for Telugu. Earlier we had collected 250 Telugu numeral samples from 50 different writers. Writers were provided with a plain A4 saddlery and each writer asked to write Telugu numerals from 0 to 9 at one time. Recently, we have again collected 150 Telugu numerals by 30 different writers. In this paper the data set size of 300 Telugu numerals is used. The database is totally unconstrained and has been created for validating the recognition system. The colle cted documents are scanned using the Canon-Lide scanner jet, which is usually a low hoo-hah and good quality image. The digitized images are stored as binary images in the BMP format. A sample of Telugu handwritten numerals from the data set is shown from figure 1. work 1 Handwritten Telugu Numeral SamplesPre-processingFigure 2 Pre-processingPre-processing includes the steps that are necessary to bring the input data into an acceptable form for feature extraction. The sign data is depending on the data acquisition type, is subjected to a number of preliminary processing stages. The pre-processing stage involves noise reduction, slant correction, size normalization and thinning 2.For noise removal we used median filter. For better understanding the function of median filter, we added the salt and pepper noise artificially and removing it using median filter.In character classification/recognition correcting the skew (baseline deviation from the horizontal direction) and the slant ( average penny-pinching-vertical strokes deviation from the vertical direction) is an important pre-processing step. The slant and slope are introduced by writing styles. both corrections can reduce handwritten word shape variability and help the later operations such as feature extraction, classification and recognition 4.Normalization is required as the size of the numeral varies from person to person and even with the same person from time to time. Thinning provides a reduction in data size it extracts the shape information of the characters.Thinning is the process of reducing the thickness of each line of pattern to just a single picture element 5. Here, we have used the morphology based thinning algorithm for better symbol representation. Thus, the reduced pattern is known as the skeleton and is close to the median axis, which preserves the topology of the image. Figure 5 shows the steps involved in our method as far as pre-processing is considered.III. FEATURE EXTRACTION USIN G primary(prenominal) COMPONENT ANALYSISIn this paper, the principal component analysis (PCA) is being used as an extraction algorithm of features. The PCA is a very successful techniques which has been utilised in image fightion and recognition. The sole purpose of PCA is to decrease the big dimensions of data 9.In this way we can identify patterns in data, and express the data in such a way as to present their differences and similarities. Because the patterns in data is hard to find in high dimension data, where the usefulness of graphical representation is not present, principal component analysis is a very good tool for analysing the data. The other advantages of PCA is that when you have found the patterns in data, and then you compress the data, i.e. by reducing the dimensions, with negligible loss of information 6.Algorithm stair 1 Get input as pre-processed imageStep 2 calculate the meanIn order for the PCA to work correctly, it is needed for you to subtract the mean fro m each of the dimensions of data. The subtracted mean is the average in each dimension.Step 3 foretell the covariance matrix The data is 2D, the covariance matrix will be 22.the definition for the covariance matrix for a set of data with n dimensional isCn x n = (ci,j, ci,j = cov(Dimi,Dimj))Step 4 Compute eigenvectors and eigenvaluesof the covariance matrixBecause the covariance matrix is square, we are able to calculate the eigenvalues and eigenvectors for this matrix. The eigenvectors and eigenvalues will give us useful information about our data.Step 5 Component choosing and creating afeature vectorIn this step the notion of reduced dimensionality and data compression comes into it.When you look at the eigenvalues and eigenvectors from the previous section, you will be able to notice that the eigen values are quite not equal values. The fact is that the eigenvector with the highest eigenvalue is the main component of the data set. In fact the eigenvector with the larges eigenva lue was the one that pointed sight the middle of the data. It is very important relationship between the dimensions of data. Generally, when the eigenvectors are found from the covariance matrix, the next step is to order the eigenvalue from highest to the lowest. This will give you the components in a very significant order.Now it is required to form a feature vector, that is just a name for a matrix of vectors. It is constructed by taking the eigenvectors that you want to deliver from the eigenvectors list, and creating a matrix with those eigenvectors in the columns.Feature Vector = (eig1 eig2 eig3 .. eign)Step 6 Deriving the new data setIt is the last step in convention component analysist. When we have choosed the components or the eigenvectors, that we want to keep in our data and create a feature vector, we would take the transpose of that vector and will reckon it on the left of the true data set, transposed.Final Data=Row Feature VectorXRow Data AdjustHere the Row Featu re Vector is the matrix of the eigenvectors in the columns transposed so that the eigenvectors will be in the rows, with the most important eigenvector at the top, and the Row Data Adjust will be z wiullthe mean-adjusted data transposed, ie. data items will be in each column, with each row holding a dimension which is separate6.IV. CLASSIFICATION AND RECOGNITION USING PRABABILISTIC uneasy NETWORKProbabilistic neural networks (PNN) can be utilized for problems of classification. PNN is adopted for it has many advantages. Its training speed is many times faster than a BP network. PNN can approach a Bayes optimal result under certain easily met conditions 7. The most important advantage of PNN is that training is easy and instantaneous. Weights are not trained but assigned. Existing metric pitch units will never be alternated but only new vectors are inserted into weight matrices when training. So it can be used in real-time. Since the training and running procedure can be implement ed by matrix manipulation, the speed of PNN is very fast.The network classifies input vector into a particular class since that class has the highest probability to be correct. In this research paper, the PNN is of three layers the Radial founding Layer, the Input layer and the agonistic Layer. Radial hind end Layer calculates vector distances between input vector and row weight vectors in weight matrix. Those distances were scaled by Radial Basis Function not in a linear fashion. Then the Competitive Layer will find the shortest distance among them, and will then find the training pattern which is near to the input pattern depending on their distance. The network structure is illustrated in Figure 3. The symbols and notations are adopted as used in the book Neural Network Design 9. These symbols and notations are also used by MATLAB Neural Network Toolbox. Dimensions of arrays are marked under their names.Input Radial Basis Layer Competitive LayerQ x R P Q x 1R x 1 n a d cQ x 1Q x 1 K x 1 K x 1K x Q R Q x 1 Q KFigure 3 Network Structure1) Input Layer The input vector, denoted as p, is presented as the vertical bar in Figure 3. Its dimension is R 1.2) Radial Basis Layer In Radial Basis Layer, the vector distances between input vector p and the weight vector made of each row of weight matrix W are calculated. Here, the vector distance is defined as the stud product between two vectors 10. Assume the dimension of W is QR. The dot product between p and the i-th row of W produces the i-th element of the distance vector Wp, whose dimension is Q1, as shown in Figure 3. The minus symbol, indicates that it is the distance between vectors. The transfer function in PNN has built into a distance criterion with respect to a center. In this paper, it is defined asradbas (n) = separately element of n is substituted into Eq. 1 and produces corresponding element of a, the output vector of Radial Basis Layer. The i-th element of a can be represented asai = radbas(wi-p.* bi)Where Wi is the vector made of the i-th row of W and bi is the i-th element of bias vector b.3) Some characteristics of Radial Basis Layer The i-th element of a equals to 1 if the input p is identical to the ith row of input weight matrix W. A basis neuron which is radial along with a weight vector near to the input vector p will produce a value close to 1 and then its output weights in the competitory layer will pass their values to the competitive function. It is also possible that several elements of a are close to 1 since the input pattern is close to several training patterns.4) Competitive Layer There is no bias in Competitive layer. In Competitive Layer, the vector a is firstly cypher with layer weight matrix M, producing an output vector d. The competitive function, denoted as C in Figure 3, produces 1 corresponding to the largest element of d, and 0s elsewhere. The output vector of competitive function is denoted as c. The index of 1 in c is the number of numeral that the system can classify 9.V. observational RESULTSThe data set was divided into two separate data sets, the training data set and the testing data set. The training data set was used to train the network, whereas the testing data set was used to verify the accuracy and the effectiveness of the trained network for the classification of characters..The PNN was tested in more than 350 samples of telugu numerals and we have obtained an average recognition rate of 97%. Table 1 shows the performance of PNN.Number of SamplesPNN1596.3%5096.8%10097.7%12597.6%Table 1 Recognition Rate in PercentageVI. CONCLUSIONIn this paper the PCA for feature extraction and the PNN for classification and recognition have been implemented. The performance of Probabilistic Neural Network classifier was calculated in the terms of classification accuracies and training performance. Probabilistic Neural Network gives fast and accurate classification and is a promising tool for classification of the characters.RE FERENCESU. Pal1, T. Wakabayashi2, N. Sharma1 and F. Kimura2, Handwritten Numeral Recognition of Six Popular Indian Scripts,Manubolu Sreenivasulu, Prasenjit Kumar Das, Mr. Rishi Mathur, Numeral Recognition of Four Scripts Bengali-Assamese, Gujarati, Oriya, Nepali, First International Conference on advanced Advancements in Engineering and Technology (IAET), 2014.Panyam Narahari Sastry, Ramakrishnan Krishnan,Isolated Telugu Palm Leaf Character Recognition Using registered nurse Transform A Novel Approach, 2012 initiation Congress on Information and Communication Technologies, 978-1-4673-4805-8/12/2012 IEEE.Jian-xiong Dong and Dominique Ponson and Adam Krzyzak and Ching Y.Suen,Cursive word skew/slant corrections based on Radon transform.Rafael C. Gonzalez, Richard E.woods and Steven L Eddins, Digital Image Processing using MATLAB, Pearson Education, Dorling Kindersley,South Asia,2004Lindsay I Smith,A tutorial on Principal Components Analysis, February 26, 2002.D.F. Specht, Probabil istic Neural Networks Neural Networks, vol. 3, No.1, pp. 109-118, 1990.M. T. Hagan, H. B. Demut, and M. H. Beale, Neural Network Design, 2002.Mohd Fauzi Othman, Mohd Ariffanan Mohd Basri,Probabilistic Neural Network For Brain Tumor Classification, 2011 Second International Conference on Intelligent Systems, Modelling and Simulation.

From James Joyces Stephen Hero to After The Race - Blending Narrator

From James Joyces Stephen Hero to After The Race - Blending Narrator and Character James Joyces break up of a novel, Stephen Hero, leaves the reader little room to interpret the text for themselves. The work lacks the narrative distance that Joyce achieves in his later works. Dubliners, a work Joyce was writing concurrently, apparently employs a drastically different percentage. A voice which leaves the reader room to make judgments of their own. Yet it is curious that Joyce could produce these two works at the equal time, one that controls the reader so directly, telling not showing , while the other, Dubliners, seems to give the reader the power of final interpretation over the characters it portrays. By changing voice from a narrator who tells the reader to a narrator who shows the reader in Dubliners, Joyce has seemingly relinquished considerable control over his vision of Dublin. However, Joyces swop of narrator yields him alternative forms of authorial sovereignty. In fac t, Joyce guides the reader in a very much much powerful way in Dubliners without the readers knowledge. Through quick shifts in point of view and interjections that seem to be the voice of a character, yet are not directly linked to it, Joyce controls the stories in Dubliners more subtly and with more effect than the bold declarations in Stephen Hero ever do. In her essay Oh Shes A Nice Lady A Rereading of A Mother Jane E. Miller addresses the liberate of judgment in the story. Although told in an aloof and anonymous third-person, the narrativeis always shifting, almost imperceptibly, from an objective stance to less neutral observations which, because of their perspective or particular option of words, appear to be those of Mrs. Kearney. (Miller,... ...f him in the narration. These interjections in After the Race are not the complete rupture of objectivity that they are in Stephen Hero. Still, the effect is much the selfsame(prenominal). They channel the reader rather than te ll the reader how to judge. They offer the reader a guide to the reading of After the Race in much the same way a legend acts for a map. This is not to say that phrases like this operate in every story of Dubliners as they do here. But in the story After the Race they give the reader important directions for reading much like the narrative language does in A Mother. In addition, these phrases seem to be a much more polished version of the blunt preaching Joyce does in Stephen Hero. They operate on the reader subtly, blending the voice of character and narrator to produce a guide to the reading, not a usurpation of, as in Stephen Hero, the text.

What attitudes to love and marriage does Jane Austen explore in Pride :: Free Essay Writer

What attitudes to love and marriage does Jane Austen explore in Prideand Prejudice? push aside you identify Jane Austens own view?Jane Austens novel of Pride and Prejudice is set in the early 19thcentury and the central bag of the novel is love and marriage.Marriage was viewed very differently in those days and each characterin her novel has different views of marriage. Marriage to women gavestatus and liberty as women could not acquire money on their ownwithout inheriting or linking into good fortune, so many girls atthat time did not espouse for affection or love. Jane Austen uses theBennet family to illustrate different types of marriage and thusreveals her own view.An example of marriage can be found between Charlotte Lucas and MrCollins. Charlotte matrimonial for economic reasons and Mr Collin on theother hand married to set a good example.Mr Collins is the Bennets cousin whos neither sensible nor accordant. The letter he wrote to the Bennet family is a mixture ofservility and self-importance. He married mainly because LadyCatherine de Bourgh advised him to do so. This shows the importance of discriminate as Mr Collins spends most of his time being obsequious to hisupper-class patron, Lady Catherine de Bourgh. His choice of wifechanged early from Jane to Elizabeth and then to Charlotte afterElizabeths rejection in just a few days. When he found out that Janemight be engaged to Bingley soon, he hardly needed time to consider atall to change from Jane to Elizabeth while Mrs Bennet was stirringthe fire this shows clearly that he did not choose his partner forlove. The five reasons Mr Collins gave for proposing to Elizabeth wasfirstly, he thinks its the right thing to do as a clergyman to setthe example of matrimony, secondly he thinks that it will providehappiness for him, third it was advised by Lady Catherine De Bourgh,fourthly because he is inheriting the Bennets house, he thought itwould be a very gallant thing for him to do to marry one of hiscousi ns so the Bennets will lose as belittled as possible, and lastly andthe least important reason is he said that he likes Elizabeth andthinks her suitable. This shows how little affection he has for her,and the way he lays out his reasons shows how formal and dull he is,and all he is doing is trying to please Lady Catherine by doing as sheadvised.Charlotte who is Elizabeths closest friend married Mr. Collinsdespite how little she loved him, just to gain financial security and